1. Introduction According to the 2020 report of World Health Organization (WHO), there are approximately 2.3 million cases with breast cancer worldwide. Breast cancer has emerged as one of the
1. Introduction According to the 2020 report of World Health Organization (WHO), there are approximately 2.3 million cases with breast cancer worldwide. Breast cancer has emerged as one of the
1.Introduction The senescence in mammals is generally concomitant with the dysregulation of intestinal homeostasis and the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. High-burden mtDNA mutations lead to N
1. Introduction At present, vaccine is the preferred option for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), for which the adjuvant is essential due to its strong role in boosting immune response associated wi
1. Introduction Acute lung injury comprises a uniform response of the lung to inflammatory or chemical insults which is commonly caused by systemic illness including sepsis or trauma, infection with pathogens, and tox
1. Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) represents a global health-care challenge, which is the fifth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death across the world in 2020, with a significant
1. Introduction Supplementation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) to upregulate the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has been unveiled to be a promising anti-aging intervention. However, it is
1.Introduction Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), also known as reduced coenzyme II, is a critical cofactor in cellular antioxidant systems and lipid synthesis, which links insulin
1. Introduction Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the Dengue virus through the bite of an infected Aedes species (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus) mosquito, with the main symptoms such as hi
1. Introduction The NAD precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) shows a beneficial effect on ageing, yet excessive NMN accumulation may lead to axon degeneration. How to make the anti-ageing
