Newest Study finds: NMN and Citicoline Synergistically Shield Against Memory Decline of Vascular Dementia
Vascular dementia is one of the serious and irreversible syndromes of acquired intelligence impairment caused by a series of cerebrovascular diseases. Citicoline is the derivative of nucleo- side, which can not only exhibit neuroprotection but also improve the neurological functions, acting as the neuro- protective and neurorepair agent. NMN is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which can activate SIRT signaling pathway to ameliorate neuroinflammation and promote neurovascular regeneration after brain injury. The synergetic effects of citicoline and NMN on cognitive impairment and white matter damage in vivo need to explore.
1. The combination of citicoline and NMN can synergistically enhance neurite outgrowth in vitro
The authors suggest that the synergistic effect of citicoline and NMN on neurite outgrowth may be due to their ability to activate the SIRT1/CREB pathway, which is involved in regulating neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity.
the combination of citicoline and NMN at a 4:1 ratio can promote neurite outgrowth in a time-dependent manner at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after incubation (as shown in Figure 1). The neurite outgrowth rates were significantly higher in the combination group compared to the citicoline or NMN alone groups 6. The study also calculated the Q value for the combination of citicoline and NMN, which was 1.45, indicating that the combination had a synergistic effect on neurite outgrowth.
Figure 1
2. The combination of citicoline and NMN may enhance neurite outgrowth
The synergistic effect of citicoline and NMN on neurite outgrowth may be due to their ability to activate the SIRT1/CREB pathway, which is involved in regulating neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. The study also found that the combination of citicoline and NMN can activate the SIRT1/CREB pathway in a dose-dependent manner. And the combination of citicoline and NMN can increase the expression of SIRT1 and p-CREB in primary cortical neuron. (as shown in Figure 2)
Figure 2
3. Citicoline and NMN can improve cognitive function in a rat model of VCI
The combination of citicoline and NMN can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in primary cortical neurons as shown in Figure 3).
Figure 3
The study also found that the combination of citicoline and NMN can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of VCI rats. The authors suggest that the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of citicoline and NMN may be due to their ability to activate the SIRT1/CREB pathway, which is involved in regulating neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity.
Figure 4
The combination of citicoline and NMN can synergistically improve cognitive impairment in BCCAO rats, and the underlying mechanisms involve the activation of SIRT1/TORC1/CREB pathway and inhibition of neuroinflammation in the brain(as shown in Figure 4). However, further studies are needed to address the limitations of the study, such as the lack of understanding of the detailed mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of citicoline and NMN, and the need to confirm the results in old rats with VD or aging nonhuman primates.
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